11. Income Taxes

The components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their respective income tax bases, as measured by enacted state and federal tax rates, as follows:

The following is a reconciliation of tax computed at the statutory federal rate to the income tax benefit in the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based upon the levels of historical taxable income and projections of future taxable income over which the deferred tax assets are deductible, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that it will not be able to realize the benefits of some of these deductible differences.

On December 22, 2017, the Jobs Act was enacted, which reforms corporate tax legislation in the United States and related laws. One of the provisions of the new tax law reduces the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%. The Company remeasured certain deferred tax assets based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which is generally 21%. However, the Company is still analyzing certain aspects of the Jobs Act and refining its calculations, which could potentially affect the measurement of this balance or potentially result in new deferred tax amounts. Any change in the Company’s reasonable estimates of the impact of the Jobs Act will be included in the reporting period in which the change is identified in accordance with SAB Topic 5 EE. The provisional amount recorded related to the remeasurement of our deferred tax balance was $10,055,163.

Accordingly, a valuation allowance of $26,224,363 and $23,731,971 has been provided in the accompanying financial statements as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The 2018 net change in valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets was an increase of $2,492,392 primarily relating to net operating loss carryforwards. The 2017 net change in valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets was a decrease of $10,055,163 primarily relating to net operating loss carryforwards and a change in the effective tax rate.

At December 31, 2018, the Company has federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $102,984,000. Federal and state tax net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to December 31, 2017 will expire through 2037. Federal tax net operating loss carryforwards generated subsequent to December 31, 2017, do not expire but are subject to a limitation of 80% of federal taxable income. The state tax loss carryforward generated subsequent to December 31, 2017, will expire through 2038, unless previously utilized. The Company also has federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $2,250,000. The federal tax credit carryforward will expire through 2028, unless previously utilized.

Pursuant to Internal Revenue Service Code Sections 382 and 383, use of the Company’s net operating losses and credit carryforwards are limited due to a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% that occurred in 2009 and in 2013. As a result of these 50% changes in ownership, the annual amount of pre-change net operating losses that may be used in periods subsequent to the change in ownership is approximately $417,000 for losses incurred through June 2009, and $3,540,000 for losses incurred through December 2013. The impact of this limitation is factored into management’s valuation allowance placed against the Company’s deferred tax assets.

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred $233,944 and $140,313, respectively, of additional unrecognized tax benefits that related to research and development credits. The entire amount of this unrecognized tax benefit, if recognized, would result in an increase to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, and would not have an impact on the effective tax rate.

The Company files its income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in Florida. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to federal or state income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2014.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

Included in the balance at December 31, 2018 and 2017, are $2,249,594 and $2,015,650, respectively, of tax positions for which there is uncertainty about the validity of certain credits. The disallowance of the credits would impact the amount of gross deferred tax assets reflected in the accompanying footnotes.

During the years 2018 and 2017 the Company did not recognize any interest and penalties. Due to the potential offset of the Company’s operating loss carryforward for any future activity, the amount attributed to interest and penalties would be immaterial.